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1 flight
полет; рейс; перелёт; звено; летательный аппарат ( в полете) ; ркт. стартовый комплекс; лётный; полётный; бортовой1g flight — прямолинейный горизонтальный полет, полет с единичной перегрузкой, полет без ускорения или торможения
45° climbing inverted flight — набор высоты под углом 45° в перевёрнутом положении
45° climbing knife flight — набор высоты под углом 45° с боковым скольжением, подъём «по лезвию» под углом 45°
45° diving knife flight — пикирование под углом 45° с боковым скольжением, пикирование «по лезвию» под углом 45°
45° sliding flight — набор высоты под углом 45° с боковым скольжением, подъём «по лезвию» под углом 45°
45° sliding flight — пикирование под углом 45° с боковым скольжением, пикирование «по лезвию» под углом 45°
90° climbing flight — вертикальный подъём, отвесный набор высоты
break up in flight — разрушаться в воздухе [в полете]
Doppler hold hovering flight — полет на висении со стабилизацией по доплеровскому измерителю скорости сноса
flight at the controls — полет за рычагами управления (в качестве лётчика, пилотирующего самолёт)
flight on the deck — бреющий полет, полет на предельно малой высоте
— q flight -
2 ♦ flight
♦ flight (1) /flaɪt/n.1 [u] volo: the principles of flight, i principi del volo; to be capable of flight, essere in grado di volare; space flight, voli (pl.) spaziali, volo spaziale; a bird in flight, un uccello in volo; to take flight, prendere (o spiccare) il volo2 volo; (aeron., anche) viaggio in aereo: to book a flight, prenotare un volo; to catch [to miss] one's flight, prendere [perdere] il volo (o l'aereo); What time's our flight?, a che ora è il nostro volo?; a che ora parte il nostro aereo?; the early flight to London, il volo del mattino per Londra; Did you have a good flight?, hai fatto buon viaggio?; return flight, volo di andata e ritorno; test flight, volo di collaudo; flight time, durata del volo; DIALOGO → - Changing booking online- Why do you need to change your flight?, perché devi cambiare il tuo volo?; (aeron.) maiden flight, volo inaugurale; mercy flight, trasporto di un malato grave in aereo; inbound flight, volo di ritorno; non-stop flight, volo non stop ( senza scali)3 [u] traiettoria (di proiettile, ecc.); percorso; tragitto; distanza coperta in volo; portata: the flight of an arrow, la traiettoria d'una freccia8 (aeron. mil.) stormo10 rampa ( di scale); scala; scalinata: a short flight of stairs, una breve rampa di scale; a flight of steps, una rampa (o una serie) di gradini; una gradinata● (aeron. USA) flight attendant, assistente (m. e f.) di volo; hostess; steward □ flight bag, borsa da aereo □ flight call, chiamata di un volo □ flight case, valigia da aereo □ (aeron.) flight control, controllo di volo □ (aeron.) flight controller, controllore di volo □ flight crew, equipaggio di aereo □ flight deck, (aeron.) cabina di pilotaggio; (naut.) ponte di volo ( di portaerei) □ (aeron. mil., in GB) flight engineer, motorista di bordo □ (aeron.) flight envelope, insieme delle combinazioni di velocità e altitudine o velocità e autonomia possibili a un tipo di aereo o di motore d'aereo □ (zool.) flight feathers, penne remiganti primarie □ (aeron.) flight formation, formazione di volo □ (aeron.) flight level, quota di volo □ (aeron. mil., in GB) flight lieutenant, capitano d'aviazione □ flight path, (aeron.) rotta stabilita; (di proiettile, ecc.) traiettoria □ (aeron.) flight plan, piano di volo □ (aeron.) flight recorder, registratore di volo; scatola nera (fam.) □ (aeron.) flight refuelling, rifornimento in volo □ (aeron. mil., in GB) flight sergeant, maresciallo di 3a □ (aeron.) flight simulator, simulatore di volo □ (aeron.) flight test, volo di collaudo □ in the top flight, di primo rango (o piano); ( sport) nella massima serie.flight (2) /flaɪt/n. [u]fuga: flight from danger, fuga da un pericolo; flight from reality, fuga dalla realtà; (econ.) capital flight, fuga di capitali ( all'estero); (econ.) a flight from the dollar, una fuga dal dollaro; The enemy is in flight, il nemico è in fuga; to put sb. to flight, mettere in fuga q.; to take flight, prendere la fuga; darsi alla fuga● (econ.) flight capital, capitali (pl.) in fuga □ (relig.) the Flight into Egypt, la Fuga in Egitto □ in full flight, in fuga; ( anche) lanciato, in pieno slancio.(to) flight /flaɪt/A v. i.( di uccelli) volare in stormo; migrareB v. t. -
3 early
early ['ɜ:lɪ]matinal ⇒ 1 (a) premier ⇒ 1 (b) en avance ⇒ 1 (c), 2 (c) de bonne heure ⇒ 1 (c), 2 (a), 2 (c) précoce ⇒ 1 (d)∎ I had an early breakfast j'ai déjeuné de bonne heure;∎ to get off to an early start partir de bonne heure;∎ the early shuttle to London le premier avion pour Londres;∎ it's too early to get up il est trop tôt pour se lever;∎ it's earlier than I thought il est plus tôt que je ne pensais;∎ to be an early riser être matinal ou un lève-tôt;∎ very early in the morning très tôt;∎ early morning call appel m matinal;∎ could you give me an early call at 6:30? pouvez-vous me réveiller à 6 heures 30?;∎ early morning tea thé m du matin;∎ early morning walk promenade f matinale(b) (belonging to the beginning of a period of time → machine, film, poem) premier; (→ Edwardian, Victorian etc) du début de l'époque;∎ in the early afternoon/spring/fifties au début de l'après-midi/du printemps/des années cinquante;∎ in the early nineteenth century au début du XIXème siècle;∎ the earlier applicants were better than the later ones les premiers candidats étaient meilleurs que les derniers;∎ when was that? - early September quand était-ce? - début septembre;∎ from the earliest days of the century depuis le tout début du siècle;∎ British it's early days yet (difficult to be definite) il est trop tôt pour se prononcer; (might yet be worse, better) il est encore tôt;∎ from the earliest times depuis le début des temps;∎ I need an early night je dois me coucher de bonne heure;∎ a couple of early nights wouldn't do you any harm cela ne te ferait pas de mal de te coucher de bonne heure pendant quelques jours;∎ it's too early to tell il est trop tôt pour se prononcer, on ne peut encore rien dire;∎ the earliest human artefacts les premiers objets fabriqués par l'homme;∎ the early Roman Empire l'Empire romain naissant;∎ an early 18th-century form of democracy une forme de démocratie propre au début du XVIIIème siècle;∎ the early American settlers les premiers pionniers américains;∎ an early Picasso une des premières œuvres de Picasso;∎ he's in his early twenties il a une vingtaine d'années;∎ in his early youth quand il était très jeune;∎ a man in early middle age un homme d'une quarantaine d'années;∎ from an early age dès l'enfance;∎ at an early age de bonne heure, très jeune;∎ he received his early education in Paris il reçut sa première éducation à Paris;∎ my earliest recollections mes souvenirs les plus lointains;∎ early reports from the front indicate that… les premières nouvelles du front semblent indiquer que…;∎ in the early stages of the project dans une phase initiale du projet∎ to be early (person, train, flight, winter) être en avance;∎ I am half an hour early je suis en avance d'une demi-heure;∎ let's have an early lunch déjeunons de bonne heure;∎ you're too early vous arrivez trop tôt, vous êtes en avance;∎ Easter is early this year Pâques est de bonne heure cette année∎ early beans haricots mpl de primeur;∎ early vegetables/fruit/produce primeurs fpl;∎ we're having an early winter l'hiver est précoce(e) (relating to the future → reply) prochain;∎ at an early date de bonne heure;∎ at an earlier date plus tôt;∎ we need an early meeting il faut que nous nous réunissions bientôt;∎ Commerce at your earliest convenience dans les meilleurs délais;∎ what is your earliest possible delivery date? quelle est votre première possibilité de livraison?;∎ give us the earliest possible notice avertissez-nous le plus tôt possible2 adverb(a) (in the morning → rise, leave) tôt, de bonne heure;∎ let's set off as early as we can mettons-nous en route le plus tôt possible;∎ how early should I get there? à quelle heure dois-je y être?∎ early in the evening/in the afternoon tôt le soir/(dans) l'après-midi;∎ early in the year/winter au début de l'année/de l'hiver;∎ as early as the tenth century dès le dixième siècle;∎ I can't make it earlier than 2.30 je ne peux pas avant 14 heures 30;∎ what's the earliest you can make it? (be here) quand pouvez-vous être ici?;∎ early on tôt;∎ early on it was apparent that… il est vite apparu que…;∎ early on in June au début du mois de juin;∎ earlier on plus tôt∎ I want to leave early tonight (from work) je veux partir de bonne heure ce soir;∎ shop/post early for Christmas faites vos achats/postez votre courrier à l'avance pour Noël∎ this flower blooms very early cette fleur s'épanouit très précocement∎ at the earliest au plus tôt;∎ we can't deliver earlier than Friday nous ne pouvons pas livrer avant vendredi►► Marketing early adopter réceptif m précoce, adopteur m précoce;early American = style de mobilier et d'architecture du début du XIXème siècle;∎ proverb the early bird catches the worm (it's good to get up early) le monde appartient à ceux qui se lèvent tôt; (it's good to arrive early) les premiers arrivés sont les mieux servis;American Commerce early bird special = dans un restaurant, prix avantageux accordés aux clients qui consomment avant une certaine heure;the early Church l'Église f primitive;∎ it's early closing today (for all shops) les magasins ferment de bonne heure aujourd'hui; (for this shop) on ferme de bonne heure aujourd'hui;British Politics Early Day Motion = proposition de loi dont la discussion n'est pas à l'ordre du jour, présentée par un député qui recherche l'appui de collègues de façon à attirer l'attention du parlement sur une question;early English gothique m anglais primitif;Marketing early follower suiveur m immédiat;Early Learning Centre = chaîne de magasins de jouets d'éveil, en Grande-Bretagne;Marketing early majority majorité f innovatrice;Art the early masters les primitifs mpl;early music (baroque) musique f ancienne;Finance early redemption amortissement m anticipé;early retirement retraite f anticipée;∎ to take early retirement prendre sa retraite anticipée, partir en retraite anticipéeⓘ Here's one I made earlier L'émission éducative britannique Blue Peter, diffusée sur le petit écran depuis de nombreuses années, comprend souvent des séquences de travaux manuels et de cuisine. Les animateurs présentent toujours le produit fini à la caméra en prononçant les mots here's one I made earlier ("en voici un que j'ai confectionné au préalable"). On utilise cette phrase de façon humoristique lorsqu'on montre à quelqu'un une chose que l'on a réalisée. -
4 early
'ə:li
1. adverb1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) en los inicios, al principio; pronto; temprano2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) temprano
2. adjective1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) temprano2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) antiguo; los primeros; primitivo3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) temprano4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) pronto•- early bird
early adj adv temprano / prontodo you usually get up early? ¿sueles levantarte temprano?tr['ɜːlɪ]1 (before expected) temprano,-a, pronto2 (initial) primero,-a■ what are your earliest memories? ¿cuáles son tus primeros recuerdos?1 (before expected) temprano, pronto; (soon) pronto2 (near beginning) temprano■ early in the morning a primera hora de la mañana, por la mañana temprano3 (in good time) con tiempo, con anticipación\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLat the earliest como muy prontoearlier on antesit's still early days aún es prontoat your earliest convenience con la mayor brevedadthe early bird catches the worm a quien madruga Dios le ayudato have an early night acostarse prontoto make an early start salir tempranoearly bird / early riser madrugador,-raearly man el hombre nombre masculino primitivoearly retirement jubilación nombre femenino anticipadaearly warning system sistema de alerta rojathe early hours / the early morning la madrugadahe arrived early: llegó tempranoas early as possible: lo más pronto posible, cuanto antesten minutes early: diez minutos de adelantothe early stages: las primeras etapasin early May: a principios de mayoearly man: el hombre primitivoearly painting: la pintura antiguahe was early: llegó tempranoearly fruit: frutas tempranerasan early death: una muerte prematuraadj.• adelantado, -a adj.• primero, -a adj.• primitivo, -a adj.• pronto, -a adj.• tempranero, -a adj.• temprano, -a adj.adv.• al principio adv.• temprano adv.
I 'ɜːrli, 'ɜːliadjective -lier, -liest1) ( before expected time) <arrival/elections> anticipadoto be early — \<\<person\>\> llegar* temprano; \<\<baby\>\> adelantarse
the bus was early — el autobús pasó (or salió etc) antes de la hora
2)a) ( before normal time)to have an early night/lunch — acostarse*/comer temprano
early retirement — jubilación f anticipada
b) <crop/variety> temprano, tempranero3) ( far back in time)in the early hours of the morning — en las primeras horas de la mañana, de madrugada
in early June — a principios or a comienzos de junio
from an early age — desde pequeño, desde temprana edad (liter)
5) ( in near future) prontoat the earliest possible moment — lo antes or lo más pronto posible
II
adverb -lier, -liest1) ( before expected time) temprano2) ( before usual time) temprano, pronto (Esp)3) ( long ago)it was known as early as 200 BC — ya se sabía en el año 200 A.C
early in the morning/afternoon — por la mañana/tarde temprano
early in the week/year — a principios de semana/año
5) ( soon) pronto['ɜːlɪ] (compar earlier) (superl earliest)they won't be here till nine at the earliest — por temprano que lleguen no estarán aquí antes de las nueve
1. ADJ1) (=before appointed time)•
to be early — llegar temprano or prontoyou're early! — ¡llegas temprano or pronto!
I was half an hour early for the meeting — llegué a la reunión con media hora de adelanto, llegué a la reunión media hora antes de que empezase
2) (=before usual time) [death, menopause] prematuro, temprano•
to have an early lunch — almorzar temprano, comer temprano•
it was an early summer — el verano se había adelantado, el verano había llegado pronto3) (=soon) pronto•
at your earliest convenience — (Comm) con la mayor brevedad posible4) (=towards beginning)a) (of morning)•
we need two seats on an early flight — necesitamos dos plazas en un vuelo que salga por la mañana temprano or un vuelo a primera hora de la mañana•
to get up at an early hour — levantarse temprano, levantarse de madrugada•
it was early in the morning — era muy de mañana, era muy tempranob) [period, process]the early days/months/years of sth — los primeros días/meses/años de algo
in the early 60s/70s — a principios de los 60/70
she's in her early forties/seventies — tiene poco más de cuarenta/setenta años, tiene cuarenta/setenta y pocos (años)
in early January/March — a principios de enero/marzo
it's still early — (in process) es pronto todavía
from an early age — desde pequeño, desde una edad temprana frm
it flowers from early spring to early autumn — florece desde principios de la primavera a principios del otoño
•
the disease is hard to detect in its early stages — es difícil detectar la enfermedad en sus fases inicialesit's early days yet —
we may have to modify the plans, but it's early days yet — (esp Brit) quizás tengamos que modificar los planes, pero aún es pronto para saberlo
5) (=first) [man, Church] primitivo; [settlers, pioneers, Christians] primer6) (Hort) [fruit, vegetable, crop] temprano2. ADV1) (=ahead of time) [arrive, leave, get up, go to bed] temprano, prontohe arrived ten minutes early — llegó diez minutos antes de la hora, llegó con diez minutos de anticipación
- early to bed, early to risebright 2.2) (=soon) prontoas early as possible — lo más pronto posible, cuanto antes
3) (=towards beginning of sth)a) (in morning) tempranoyou get up too early — te levantas demasiado temprano, madrugas demasiado
b) (in period, process)•
early in sth, early in the afternoon — a primera hora de la tarde•
early last century — a principios del siglo pasado•
early next year — a principios del año que viene•
early on in his career — en los primeros años de su carreraearlier on — anteriormente, antes
•
early this month — a principios de (este) mes3.CPDearly bird * N — madrugador(a) m / f
early closing N — (also: early-closing day) (Brit) día en que muchas tiendas solo abren por la mañana
early riser N — madrugador(a) m / f
early warning radar system N — sistema m de radar de alerta temprana
early warning system N — sistema m de alarma temprana or precoz, sistema m de alerta temprana or precoz
pain acts as the body's early warning system — el dolor actúa como un sistema de alarma or alerta precoz
* * *
I ['ɜːrli, 'ɜːli]adjective -lier, -liest1) ( before expected time) <arrival/elections> anticipadoto be early — \<\<person\>\> llegar* temprano; \<\<baby\>\> adelantarse
the bus was early — el autobús pasó (or salió etc) antes de la hora
2)a) ( before normal time)to have an early night/lunch — acostarse*/comer temprano
early retirement — jubilación f anticipada
b) <crop/variety> temprano, tempranero3) ( far back in time)in the early hours of the morning — en las primeras horas de la mañana, de madrugada
in early June — a principios or a comienzos de junio
from an early age — desde pequeño, desde temprana edad (liter)
5) ( in near future) prontoat the earliest possible moment — lo antes or lo más pronto posible
II
adverb -lier, -liest1) ( before expected time) temprano2) ( before usual time) temprano, pronto (Esp)3) ( long ago)it was known as early as 200 BC — ya se sabía en el año 200 A.C
early in the morning/afternoon — por la mañana/tarde temprano
early in the week/year — a principios de semana/año
5) ( soon) pronto -
5 The days of the week
Note that French uses lower-case letters for the names of days ; also, French speakers normally count the week as starting on Monday.Write the names of days in full ; do not abbreviate as in English (Tues, Sat and so on). The French only abbreviate in printed calendars, diaries etc.Monday= lundiTuesday= mardiWednesday= mercrediThursday= jeudiFriday= vendrediSaturday= samediSunday= dimancheWhat day is it?(Lundi in this note stands for any day ; they all work the same way ; for more information on dates in French ⇒ Date.)what day is it?= quel jour sommes-nous? or (very informally) on est quel jour?it is Monday= nous sommes lunditoday is Monday= c’est lundi aujourd’huiNote the use of French le for regular occurrences, and no article for single ones. (Remember: do not translate on.)on Monday= lundion Monday, we’re going to the zoo= lundi, on va au zooI’ll see you on Monday morning= je te verrai lundi matinbuton Mondays= le lundion Mondays, we go to the zoo= le lundi, on va au zooI see her on Monday mornings= je la vois le lundi matinSpecific daysMonday afternoon= lundi après-midione Monday evening= un lundi soirthat Monday morning= ce lundi matin-làlast Monday night= la nuit de lundi dernier or (if evening) lundi dernier dans la soiréeearly on Monday= lundi matin de bonne heurelate on Monday= lundi soir tardthis Monday= ce lundithat Monday= ce lundi-làthat very Monday= précisément ce lundi-làlast Monday= lundi derniernext Monday= lundi prochainthe Monday before last= l’autre lundia month from Monday= dans un mois lundiin a month from last Monday= dans un mois à dater de lundi dernierfinish it by Monday= termine-le avant lundifrom Monday on= à partir de lundiRegular eventsevery Monday= tous les lundiseach Monday= chaque lundievery other Monday= un lundi sur deuxevery third Monday= un lundi sur troisSometimesmost Mondays= presque tous les lundissome Mondays= certains lundison the second Monday in the month= le deuxième lundi de chaque moisthe odd Monday or the occasional Monday= le lundi de temps en tempsHappening etc. on that dayMonday’s paper= le journal de lundi or de ce lundithe Monday papers= les journaux du lundiMonday flights= les vols du lundithe Monday flight= le vol du lundiMonday closing (of shops)= la fermeture du lundiMonday’s classes= les cours de lundi or de ce lundiMonday classes= les cours du lundiMonday trains= les trains du lundi -
6 Cobham, Sir Alan John
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 6 May 1894 London, Englandd. 21 October 1973 British Virgin Islands[br]English pilot who pioneered worldwide air routes and developed an in-flight refuelling system which is in use today.[br]Alan Cobham was a man of many parts. He started as a veterinary assistant in France during the First World War, but transferred to the Royal Flying Corps in 1917. After the war he continued flying, by giving joy-rides and doing aerial photography work. In 1921 he joined the De Havilland Aircraft Company (see de Havilland, Geoffrey) as a test and charter pilot; he was also successful in a number of air races. During the 1920s Cobham made many notable flights to distant parts of the British Empire, pioneering possible routes for airline operations. During the early 1930s Sir Alan (he was knighted in 1926) devoted his attention to generating a public interest in aviation and to campaigning for more airfields. Cobham's Flying Circus toured the country giving flying displays and joy-rides, which for thousands of people was their first experience of flying.In 1933 Cobham planned a non-stop flight to India by refuelling his aircraft while flying: this was not a new idea but the process was still experimental. The flight was unsuccessful due to a fault in his aircraft, unrelated to the in-flight refuelling system. The following year Flight Refuelling Ltd was founded, and by 1939 two Short flying boats were operating the first inflight-refuelled service across the Atlantic. Inflight refuelling was not required during the early years of the Second World War, so Cobham turned to other projects such as thermal de-icing of wings, and a scheme which was not carried out, for delivering fighters to the Middle East by towing them behind Wellington bombers.After the Second World War the fortunes of Flight Refuelling Ltd were at a low ebb, especially when British South American Airways abandoned the idea of using in-flight refuelling. Then an American contract and the use of their tanker aircraft to ferry oil during the Berlin Airlift saved the day. In 1949 Cobham's chief designer, Peter Macgregor, came up with an idea for refuelling fighters using a probe and drogue system. A large tanker aircraft trailed a hose with a conical drogue at the free end. The fighter pilot manoeuvred the probe, fitted to his aircraft, so that it locked into the drogue, enabling fuel to be transferred. Since the 1950s this system has become the effective world standard.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1926. Air Force Cross 1926.Bibliography1978, A Time to Fly, ed. C.Derrick, London; pub. in paperback 1986 (Cobham's memoirs).Cobham produced films of some of his flights and published Skyways, 1925, London; MyFlight to the Cape and Back, 1926, London; Australia and Back, 1926, London;Twenty Thousand Miles in a Flying Boat, 1930, London.Further ReadingPeter G.Proctor, 1975, "The life and work of Sir Alan Cobham", Aerospace (RAeS) (March).JDS -
7 morning
nounMorgen, der; (as opposed to afternoon) Vormittag, der; attrib. morgendlich; Morgen[kaffee, -spaziergang, -zeitung usw.]this morning — heute Morgen od. früh
during the morning — am Morgen/Vormittag
at one etc. in the morning = at one a.m. — etc. see a.m.
on Wednesday mornings/morning — Mittwoch morgens/[am] Mittwoch morgen od. früh
morning came — es wurde Morgen
mornings, of a morning — morgens
in the morning — (coll.): (next morning) morgen früh
* * *['mo:niŋ]- academic.ru/48010/morning-after_pill">morning-after pill- morning glory
- morning dress* * *morn·ing[ˈmɔ:nɪŋ, AM ˈmɔ:rn-]I. n Morgen m, Vormittag mthree \mornings a week drei Vormittage die Wocheall \morning den ganzen Vormittagat four in the \morning um vier Uhr früh[from] \morning till night von morgens bis abends [o früh bis spät]in the \morning morgens, am Morgen, am Vormittagshe only works in the \morning sie arbeitet nur vormittagstomorrow \morning morgen Vormittagyesterday \morning gestern Morgenthe \morning after (on the next morning) am nächsten Morgen; (the next morning) der Morgen danach; ( euph: after excessive drinking) Kater m euph fig; ( fig pej: moment of realization) Katzenjammer m figon Saturday \morning [am] Samstag morgen [o früh]I hate Monday \mornings ich hasse Montagvormittage▶ to do sth \morning, noon and night ( pej: throughout a day) etw den ganzen Tag lang tun; (all the time) etw ständig [o in einem fort] [o Tag und Nacht] tunour neighbour's baby cries, \morning, noon and night das Baby unseres Nachbarn schreit in einem fort\morning appointment Vormittagstermin m\morning light Morgenlicht ntgood \morning! guten Morgen!* * *['mɔːnɪŋ]1. nMorgen m; (as opposed to afternoon also) Vormittag m; (fig) (of life) Frühling m (liter); (of an era) Anfänge pl, Beginn min the morning — morgens, am Morgen, vormittags, am Vormittag
early in the morning — früh(morgens), in der Frühe, am frühen Morgen
very early in the morning — in aller Frühe, ganz früh (am Morgen)
late (on) in the morning — am späten Vormittag, gegen Mittag
I didn't get back until 2 in the morning — ich bin erst um 2 Uhr früh nach Hause gekommen
this/yesterday morning — heute/gestern Morgen, heute/gestern Vormittag
tomorrow morning —
on the morning of November 28th — am Morgen des 28. November, am 28. November morgens
it was the morning after — es war am nächsten or anderen Tag or Morgen
the morning after the night before, the morning-after feeling — der Katzenjammer or die Katerstimmung am nächsten Morgen
morning, noon and night — morgens, mittags und nachts, Tag und Nacht
2. attram Morgen; (= regularly in the morning) morgendlichmorning train — Frühzug m
what time is morning coffee? (at work) — wann ist morgens die Kaffeepause?; (in café) ab wann wird vormittags Kaffee serviert?
* * *morning [ˈmɔː(r)nıŋ]A s1. Morgen m, Vormittag m:a) morgens, am Morgen, vormittags, am Vormittag,at four (o’clock) in the morning um vier Uhr früh, früh um vier;on the morning of May 5 am Morgen des 5. Mai;from morning till night von morgens bis abends;one (fine) morning eines (schönen) Morgens;(on) this morning an diesem Morgen;the morning after am Morgen darauf, am darauffolgenden Morgen;the morning after (the night before) umg der Katzenjammer, der Kater;with (the) morning poet gegen Morgen;good morning! guten Morgen!, (am Vormittag) guten Tag!;morning! umg Morgen!, Tag!2. fig Morgen m, Anfang m, Beginn m (des Lebens etc)3. Morgendämmerung fB adja) Morgen…, Vormittags…:morning paper Morgenzeitung fb) Früh…:* * *nounMorgen, der; (as opposed to afternoon) Vormittag, der; attrib. morgendlich; Morgen[kaffee, -spaziergang, -zeitung usw.]this morning — heute Morgen od. früh
during the morning — am Morgen/Vormittag
[early] in the morning — am [frühen] Morgen; (regularly) [früh] morgens
at one etc. in the morning = at one a.m. — etc. see a.m.
on Wednesday mornings/morning — Mittwoch morgens/[am] Mittwoch morgen od. früh
mornings, of a morning — morgens
in the morning — (coll.): (next morning) morgen früh
* * *n.Morgen - m.Vormittag m. -
8 Breguet, Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 2 January 1880 Paris, Franced. 4 May 1955 Paris, France[br]French aviation pioneer who built a helicopter in 1907 and designed many successful aircraft.[br]The Breguet family had been manufacturing fine clocks since before the French Revolution, but Louis Breguet and his brother Jacques used their mechanical skills to produce a helicopter, or "gyroplane" as they named it. It was a complex machine with four biplane rotors (i.e. thirty-two lifting surfaces). Louis Breguet had carried out many tests to determine the most suitable rotor design. The Breguet brothers were assisted by Professor Charles Richet and the Breguet-Richet No. 1 was tested in September 1907 when it succeeded in lifting itself, and its pilot, to a height of 1.5 metres. Unfortunately, the gyroplane was rather unstable and four helpers had to steady it; consequently, the flight did not qualify as a "free" flight. This was achieved two months later, also in France, by Paul Cornu who made a 20-second free flight.Louis Breguet turned his attention to aeroplane design and produced a tractor biplane when most other biplanes followed the Wright brothers' layout with a forward elevator and pusher propeller. The Breguet I made quite an impression at the 1909 Reims meeting, but the Breguet IV created a world record the following year by carrying six people. During the First World War the Breguet Type 14 bomber was widely used by French and American squadrons. Between the First and Second World Wars a wide variety of designs were produced, including flying boats and another helicopter, the Breguet- Dorand Gyroplane which flew for over one hour in 1936. The Breguet company survived World War II and in the late 1940s developed a successful four-engined airliner/transport, the Deux-Ponts, which had a bulbous double-deck fuselage.Breguet was an innovative designer, although his designs were functional rather than elegant. He was an early advocate of metal construction and developed an oleo- (oil-spring) undercarriage leg.[br]Bibliography1925, Le Vol à voile dynamique des oiseaux. Analyse des effets des pulsations du vent sur la résultante aérodynamique moyenne d'un planeur, Paris.Further ReadingP.Faure, 1938, Louis Breguet, Paris (biography).C.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1965, The Invention of the Aeroplane 1799–1909, London (provides a careful analysis of Breguet's early aircraft).JDS -
9 Saulnier, Raymond
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. late eighteenth century Franced. mid-twentieth century[br]French designer of aircraft, associated with Louis Blériot and later the Morane- Saulnier company.[br]When Louis Blériot made his historic flight across the English Channel in 1909, the credit for the success of the flight naturally went to the pilot. Few people thought about the designer of the successful aeroplane, and those who did assumed it was Blériot himself. Blériot did design several of the aeroplanes bearing his name, but the cross- Channel No. XI was mainly designed by his friend Raymond Saulnier, a fact not; broadcast at the time.In 1911 the Morane-Saulnier company was founded in Paris by Léon (1885–1918) and Robert (1886–1968) Morane and Raymond Saulnier, who became Chief Designer. Flying a Morane-Saulnier, Roland Garros made a recordbreaking flight to a height of 5,611 m (18,405 ft) in 1912, and the following year he made the first non-stop flight across the Mediterranean. Morane-Saulnier built a series of "parasol" monoplanes which were very widely used during the early years of the First World War. With the wing placed above the fuselage, the pilot had an excellent downward view for observation purposes, but the propeller ruled out a forward-firing machine gun. During 1913–4, Raymond Saulnier was working on an idea for a synchronized machine gun to fire between the blades of the propeller. He could not overcome certain technical problems, so he devised a simple alternative: metal deflector plates were fitted to the propeller, so if a bullet hit the blade it did no harm. Roland Garros, flying a Type L Parasol, tested the device in action during April 1915 and was immediately successful. This opened the era of the true fighter aircraft. Unfortunately, Garros was shot down and the Germans discovered his secret weapon: they improved on the idea with a fully synchronized machine gun fitted to the Fokker E 1 monoplane. The Morane-Saulnier company continued in business until 1963, when it was taken over by the Potez Group.[br]Further ReadingJane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I, 1990, London: Jane's (reprint) (provides plans and details of 1914–18 Morane-Saulnier aeroplanes).JDS -
10 stage
1. noun1) (Theatre) Bühne, die2) (fig.)go on the stage — zur Bühne od. zum Theater gehen
be at a late/critical stage — sich in einer späten/kritischen Phase befinden
at this stage — in diesem Stadium
do something in or by stages — etwas abschnittsweise od. nach und nach tun
in the final stages — in der Schlussphase
4) (raised platform) Gerüst, das5) (of microscope) Mikroskoptisch, derset the stage for somebody/something — jemandem den Weg ebnen/etwas in die Wege leiten
7) (distance) Etappe, die2. transitive verb1) (present) inszenieren2) (arrange) veranstalten [Wettkampf, Ausstellung]; ausrichten [Veranstaltung]; organisieren [Streik]; bewerkstelligen [Rückzug]* * *I 1. [stei‹] noun(a raised platform especially for performing or acting on, eg in a theatre.) die Bühne2. verb1) (to prepare and produce (a play etc) in a theatre etc: This play was first staged in 1928.) inszenieren2) (to organize (an event etc): The protesters are planning to stage a demonstration.) in Szene setzen•- academic.ru/70160/staging">staging- stage direction
- stage fright
- stagehand
- stage manager
- stagestruck II [stei‹]1) (a period or step in the development of something: The plan is in its early stages; At this stage, we don't know how many survivors there are.) das Stadium2) (part of a journey: The first stage of our journey will be the flight to Singapore.) die Etappe3) (a section of a bus route.) die Strecke4) (a section of a rocket.) die Stufe•* * *[steɪʤ]I. n\stage in the process Prozessschritt mcrucial \stage entscheidende Phaseearly \stage Frühphase fediting \stage Drucklegung flate \stage Spätphase fto go through a \stage eine [bestimmte] Phase durchmachenat some \stage irgendwannto do sth in \stages etw in Etappen [o etappenweise] [o in einzelnen Schritten] tun2. of a journey, race Etappe f, Abschnitt mthree-\stage rocket Dreistufenrakete fto go on \stage die Bühne betretento take the \stage auftreten7. (profession)▪ the \stage die Bühnethe London \stage das Londoner Theaterto be on the \stage auf der Bühne stehento go to the \stage zum Theater gehenthe world \stage die [ganze] Weltthe political \stage die politische BühneII. vt1. THEAT▪ to \stage sth etw aufführento \stage a concert ein Konzert geben [o geh veranstalten]to \stage a play/an opera ein Theaterstück/eine Oper aufführen [o inszenieren2. (organize)to \stage a comeback ein Comeback startento \stage a congress/meeting einen Kongress/eine Tagung veranstaltento \stage a coup d'état einen Staatsstreich durchführento \stage a match ein Spiel austragento \stage the Olympic Games die Olympischen Spiele ausrichtento \stage a party eine Party gebento \stage a recovery eine Erholung[sphase] einleitento \stage a strike/a demonstration einen Streik/eine Demonstration organisieren [o inszenieren]to \stage war games ein Manöver abhalten3. MEDto \stage a patient/disease einen Patienten/eine Krankheit diagnostisch einordnen\stage adaptation Bühnenfassung f\stage crew Bühnenteam nt\stage scenery Kulisse[n] f[pl]\stage setting Bühnenbild nt* * *[steɪdZ]1. nto be on/go on/leave the stage (as career) — beim Theater sein/zum Theater gehen/das Theater verlassen
to go on stage (actor) — die Bühne betreten; (play) anfangen
to come off stage, to leave the stage — von der Bühne abtreten
to put a play on the stage — ein Stück aufführen or auf die Bühne bringen
to adapt a novel for the stage —
the stage was set (lit) — das Bühnenbild war aufgebaut; (fig) alles war vorbereitet
2) (= platform in hall) Podium ntin the early/final stage(s) — im Anfangs-/Endstadium
what stage is your thesis at? —
I'm at the talking stage with the club — ich befinde mich mit dem Klub gerade in Gesprächen
we have reached a stage where... — wir sind an einem Punkt angelangt, wo...
4) (= part of journey, race etc) Abschnitt m, Etappe f; (= fare stage) Teilstrecke f, Fahrzone f; (= actual bus stop) Zahlgrenze fin or by ( easy) stages (lit) — etappenweise; (fig also) Schritt für Schritt
5) (= section of rocket) Stufe f6) (old inf: stagecoach) Postkutsche f2. vtplay aufführen, auf die Bühne bringen; competition, event durchführen; accident, scene, coup inszenieren; welcome arrangieren; demonstration, strike, protest etc veranstaltenthe play is staged in the 19th century — das Stück spielt im 19. Jahrhundert
stageed reading — Bühnenlesung f, dramatische Lesung
* * *stage [steıdʒ]A s1. TECH Bühne f, Gerüst n2. Podium n3. THEAT Bühne f (auch fig Theaterwelt oder Bühnenlaufbahn):the stage fig die Bühne, das Theater;be on the stage Schauspieler(in) oder beim Theater sein;go on the stage zur Bühne gehen;hold the stage sich halten (Theaterstück);put on (the) stage → B 1;be put on (the) stage zur Aufführung gelangen oder kommen;a) die Voraussetzungen schaffen für,4. fig Bühne f, Schauplatz m:move off the political stage von der politischen Bühne abtreten5. HISTa) (Post)Station fb) Postkutsche f6. Br Teilstrecke f, Fahrzone f (Bus etc)7. (Reise)Abschnitt m, Etappe f (auch Radsport etc und fig):critical stage kritisches Stadium;experimental (initial, intermediate) stage Versuchs-(Anfangs-, Zwischen)stadium;a) zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt,b) in diesem Stadium;at this early stage schon jetzt, bereits heute;be in its early stages im Anfangs- oder Frühstadium sein;9. ARCH (Bau)Abschnitt m10. GEOL Stufe f (einer Formation)11. Objekttisch m (am Mikroskop)12. ELEK Verstärkerstufe f13. TECH Stufe f (auch einer Rakete)14. TECH Farbläufer mB v/t1. a) auf die Bühne oder zur Aufführung bringen, inszenieren:b) für die Bühne bearbeiten2. a) eine Ausstellung etc veranstaltenb) eine Demonstration etc inszenieren, durchführen, aufziehen3. TECH (be)rüsten4. MIL US durchschleusen* * *1. noun1) (Theatre) Bühne, diedown/up stage — (position) vorne/hinten auf der Bühne; (direction) nach vorn/nach hinten
2) (fig.)go on the stage — zur Bühne od. zum Theater gehen
be at a late/critical stage — sich in einer späten/kritischen Phase befinden
do something in or by stages — etwas abschnittsweise od. nach und nach tun
4) (raised platform) Gerüst, das5) (of microscope) Mikroskoptisch, derset the stage for somebody/something — jemandem den Weg ebnen/etwas in die Wege leiten
7) (distance) Etappe, die2. transitive verb1) (present) inszenieren2) (arrange) veranstalten [Wettkampf, Ausstellung]; ausrichten [Veranstaltung]; organisieren [Streik]; bewerkstelligen [Rückzug]* * *n.Bühne -n f.Etappe -n f.Podium -en n.Schauplatz m.Stadium -en n.Stufe -n f. v.inszenieren v.veranstalten v. -
11 part
часть; доля; деталь; разделять, отделятьairborne part of the distance — воздушный участок дистанции (валета, посадки)
converging part of the nozzle — суживающаяся [докритическая] часть сопла
diverging part of the nozzle — расширяющаяся [закритическая] часть сопла
early part of the run — начало [начальный участок] разбега
groundborne part of the distance — наземный участок дистанции (взлета, посадки)
groundborne part of the landing — наземный участок посадочной траектории; послепосадочный пробег, участок послепосадочного пробега
high-dynamic-pressure part of the flight envelope — область режимов полёта с большими скоростными напорами
propulsion part of the aircraft — двигательная [силовая] установка ЛА
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12 stage
I
1. stei‹ noun(a raised platform especially for performing or acting on, eg in a theatre.)
2. verb1) (to prepare and produce (a play etc) in a theatre etc: This play was first staged in 1928.)2) (to organize (an event etc): The protesters are planning to stage a demonstration.)•- staging- stage direction
- stage fright
- stagehand
- stage manager
- stagestruck
II stei‹1) (a period or step in the development of something: The plan is in its early stages; At this stage, we don't know how many survivors there are.)2) (part of a journey: The first stage of our journey will be the flight to Singapore.)3) (a section of a bus route.)4) (a section of a rocket.)•stage n1. etapa / fase2. escenariothe audience went crazy when the band came on stage el público enloqueció cuando el grupo salió al escenariotr[steɪʤ]1 (point, period) etapa, fase nombre femenino2 (of journey, race) etapa; (day's journey) jornada3 (in theatre) escenario, escena; (raised platform) plataforma, tablado, estrado■ what time do you go on stage? ¿a qué hora sales al escenario?4 figurative use (scene of action) escena5 (of rocket) fase nombre femenino6 familiar (stagecoach) diligencia1 SMALLTHEATRE/SMALL poner en escena, montar, representar2 (hold, carry out) llevar a cabo, efectuar; (arrange) organizar, montar1 (the theatre) el teatro, las tablas nombre femenino plural\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLby stages / in stages por etapasto set the stage for something crear el marco para algostage direction acotación nombre femeninostage door entrada de artistasstage fright miedo a salir a escena, miedo escénicostage manager director,-ra de escenastage name nombre nombre masculino artísticostage whisper aparte nombre masculinostage n1) platform: estrado m, tablado m, escenario m (de un teatro)2) phase, step: fase f, etapa fstage of development: fase de desarrolloin stages: por etapas3)the stage : el teatro mstage (Theater, TV)n.• escenario (ESP) s.m.n.• cadalso s.m.• entablado s.m.• escena s.f.• estadio s.m.• estrado s.m.• etapa s.f.• fase (Aeronáutica) s.f.• jalón s.m.• plataforma s.f.• posta s.f.• tablado s.m.• tiempo s.m.v.• efectuar v.• organizar v.• representar v.
I steɪdʒ1)a) ( platform) tablado m; ( in theater) escenario mto go on stage — salir* a escena or al escenario
to set the stage for something — crear el marco para algo; (before n)
stage designer — escenógrafo, -fa m,f
stage door — entrada f de artistas
b) ( medium)c) ( profession)the stage — el teatro, las tablas (period)
to go on the stage — hacerse* actor/actriz; (before n) < actress> de teatro
stage name — nombre m artístico
2) (in development, activity) fase f, etapa fI'd reached the stage where I didn't care any more — había llegado a un punto en que ya no me importaba
to do something in stages — hacer* algo por etapas
3) ( of rocket) fase f
II
1)a) \<\<event\>\> organizar*, montar; \<\<strike/demonstration\>\> hacer*; \<\<attack\>\> llevar a cabo, perpetrar; \<\<coup\>\> dar*b) (engineer, arrange) arreglar, orquestar2) ( Theat) \<\<play\>\> poner* en escena, representar[steɪdʒ]1. N2) (Theat) escenario mto go on stage — salir a escena or al escenario
stage left/right — la parte del escenario a la izquierda/derecha del actor (de cara al público)
the stage — (as profession) el teatro
to go on the stage — hacerse actor/actriz
- set the stage for sththe stage was set for a political showdown — se había creado el marco idóneo para una confrontación política
3) (fig) (=scene) escena fat this stage in the negotiations — en esta etapa or a estas alturas de las negociaciones
the project is still in its early stages — el proyecto se encuentra todavía en su fase or etapa inicial
committeein or by easy stages — en etapas or fases cortas
5) [of rocket] fase f ; [of pipeline] tramo m6) (=stagecoach) diligencia f2. VT1) (Theat) [+ play] representar, poner en escena2) (=organize) [+ concert, festival] organizar, montar3) (=carry out) [+ protest] organizar; [+ demonstration, strike] hacer; [+ attack] lanzarthe sixties rock legend is staging a comeback — la leyenda rockera de los sesenta prepara una vuelta a escena
sterling has staged a recovery on foreign exchange markets — la libra esterlina ha experimentado una mejora en los mercados de divisas extranjeros
4) pej (=orchestrate) montar, organizarthat was no accident, it was staged — eso no fue ningún accidente, estaba montado or organizado
3.CPDstage adaptation N — adaptación f teatral
stage designer N — escenógrafo(-a) m / f
stage direction N — acotación f
stage director N — = stage manager
stage door N — entrada f de artistas
stage fright N — miedo m a las tablas or al escenario, miedo m escénico
to get stage fright — ponerse nervioso al salir a las tablas or al escenario
stage manager N — director(a) m / f de escena
stage name N — nombre m artístico
stage presence N — presencia f en el escenario
stage show N — espectáculo m
stage whisper N — aparte m
* * *
I [steɪdʒ]1)a) ( platform) tablado m; ( in theater) escenario mto go on stage — salir* a escena or al escenario
to set the stage for something — crear el marco para algo; (before n)
stage designer — escenógrafo, -fa m,f
stage door — entrada f de artistas
b) ( medium)c) ( profession)the stage — el teatro, las tablas (period)
to go on the stage — hacerse* actor/actriz; (before n) < actress> de teatro
stage name — nombre m artístico
2) (in development, activity) fase f, etapa fI'd reached the stage where I didn't care any more — había llegado a un punto en que ya no me importaba
to do something in stages — hacer* algo por etapas
3) ( of rocket) fase f
II
1)a) \<\<event\>\> organizar*, montar; \<\<strike/demonstration\>\> hacer*; \<\<attack\>\> llevar a cabo, perpetrar; \<\<coup\>\> dar*b) (engineer, arrange) arreglar, orquestar2) ( Theat) \<\<play\>\> poner* en escena, representar -
13 stage
I 1. [stei‹] noun(a raised platform especially for performing or acting on, eg in a theatre.) scene2. verb1) (to prepare and produce (a play etc) in a theatre etc: This play was first staged in 1928.) sætte op2) (to organize (an event etc): The protesters are planning to stage a demonstration.) foranstalte•- staging- stage direction
- stage fright
- stagehand
- stage manager
- stagestruck II [stei‹]1) (a period or step in the development of something: The plan is in its early stages; At this stage, we don't know how many survivors there are.) fase2) (part of a journey: The first stage of our journey will be the flight to Singapore.) trin3) (a section of a bus route.) zone4) (a section of a rocket.) (raket-)trin•* * *I 1. [stei‹] noun(a raised platform especially for performing or acting on, eg in a theatre.) scene2. verb1) (to prepare and produce (a play etc) in a theatre etc: This play was first staged in 1928.) sætte op2) (to organize (an event etc): The protesters are planning to stage a demonstration.) foranstalte•- staging- stage direction
- stage fright
- stagehand
- stage manager
- stagestruck II [stei‹]1) (a period or step in the development of something: The plan is in its early stages; At this stage, we don't know how many survivors there are.) fase2) (part of a journey: The first stage of our journey will be the flight to Singapore.) trin3) (a section of a bus route.) zone4) (a section of a rocket.) (raket-)trin• -
14 stage
I 1. [steɪdʒ]1) (phase) (of illness) stadio m. (of, in di); (of development, project, process) stadio m., fase f. (of, in di); (of career, life, match, negotiations) fase f. (of, in di); (of journey) fase f., tappa f. (of, in di)at this stage — (at this point) a questo punto; (yet, for the time being) per il momento
at this stage in o of your career in questa fase della tua carriera; at a late stage a uno stadio avanzato; at an earlier, later stage in una fase precedente, seguente; at every stage in ogni fase; she ought to know that by this stage arrivati a questo punto dovrebbe saperlo; by stages per gradi; stage by stage passo dopo passo; in stages poco per volta; the project is still in its early stages il progetto è ancora allo stadio iniziale; she's going through a difficult stage — sta attraversando una fase difficile
2) (raised platform) palco m., piattaforma f.; teatr. palcoscenico m.to hold the stage — fig. tenere banco
to set the stage — teatr. allestire la scenografia
to set the stage for sth. — fig. fare i preparativi per qcs
3) teatr.2.modificatore teatr. [ equipment] scenico; [ lighting] di scena; [play, performance, production, career] teatraleII [steɪdʒ]1) (organize) organizzare [event, strike, coup, rebellion]3) teatr. mettere in scena, rappresentare [play, performance]* * *I 1. [stei‹] noun(a raised platform especially for performing or acting on, eg in a theatre.)2. verb1) (to prepare and produce (a play etc) in a theatre etc: This play was first staged in 1928.)2) (to organize (an event etc): The protesters are planning to stage a demonstration.)•- staging- stage direction
- stage fright
- stagehand
- stage manager
- stagestruck II [stei‹]1) (a period or step in the development of something: The plan is in its early stages; At this stage, we don't know how many survivors there are.)2) (part of a journey: The first stage of our journey will be the flight to Singapore.)3) (a section of a bus route.)4) (a section of a rocket.)•* * *I 1. [steɪdʒ]1) (phase) (of illness) stadio m. (of, in di); (of development, project, process) stadio m., fase f. (of, in di); (of career, life, match, negotiations) fase f. (of, in di); (of journey) fase f., tappa f. (of, in di)at this stage — (at this point) a questo punto; (yet, for the time being) per il momento
at this stage in o of your career in questa fase della tua carriera; at a late stage a uno stadio avanzato; at an earlier, later stage in una fase precedente, seguente; at every stage in ogni fase; she ought to know that by this stage arrivati a questo punto dovrebbe saperlo; by stages per gradi; stage by stage passo dopo passo; in stages poco per volta; the project is still in its early stages il progetto è ancora allo stadio iniziale; she's going through a difficult stage — sta attraversando una fase difficile
2) (raised platform) palco m., piattaforma f.; teatr. palcoscenico m.to hold the stage — fig. tenere banco
to set the stage — teatr. allestire la scenografia
to set the stage for sth. — fig. fare i preparativi per qcs
3) teatr.2.modificatore teatr. [ equipment] scenico; [ lighting] di scena; [play, performance, production, career] teatraleII [steɪdʒ]1) (organize) organizzare [event, strike, coup, rebellion]3) teatr. mettere in scena, rappresentare [play, performance] -
15 Charles, Jacques Alexandre César
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 12 November 1746 Beaugency, Franced. 7 April 1823 Paris, France[br]French physicist who developed the first hydrogen balloon, in 1783.[br]In 1783, following the early experiments with small hot-air balloons by the Montgolfier brothers, there was a growing interest in the prospect of a balloon flight with people on board. The Paris Académie des Sciences encouraged one of their physicists, Charles, to carry out experiments and produce a balloon. Charles enlisted the assistance of two brothers, Anne-Jean and Marie-Noël Robert, who were practical craftsmen with experience of coating silk fabric with rubber to make it impermeable to gases. Charles decided to use the recently discovered lighter-than-air gas, hydrogen, for his experiments rather than hot air. After making several unmanned balloons, he had a manned balloon ready for testing on 1 December 1783. Despite the fact that a Montgolfier balloon had already flown with two passengers, there was enormous public interest in the flight: one estimate suggested that 400,000 people turned out to watch. Charles and Marie-Noël Robert ascended from the gardens of the Tuileries and landed after two hours, having covered 45 km (28 miles). Technically the "Charlière" was far superior to the "Montgolfière" and was therefore used by most subsequent balloonists until the introduction of the modern hot-air balloon by the American Paul E. Yost in the 1960s. Following Meusnier's proposals for a dirigible (steerable) balloon, put forward during 1783–5, Charles and the Robert brothers built an elongated balloon incorporating Meusnier's ballonnet principle. It had a rudder but the method of propulsion, by opening and closing parasols used as paddles, was totally ineffective.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the Académie des Sciences 1795.Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1966, The Aeronauts, London. C.Dollfus, 1961, Balloons, trans. C.Mason, London. J.B.F.Fourier, 1825, Notice.JDSBiographical history of technology > Charles, Jacques Alexandre César
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16 leave
1. I1) it was dawn, before men began to leave рассвело, прежде чем люди стали расходиться; it is time [for us] to leave, it is time we left [нам] пора [уже] уходить2) I decided to leave я решил уйти (бросить работу, учебу и т. п.); the cook has threatened to leave кухарка угрожала уйти /бросить работу/; my secretary is leaving мой секретарь уходит с работы2. IIleave in some manner leave willingly (unwillingly, surreptitiously, etc.) охотно и т. д. уходить или уезжать; leave at some time leave late (early, this week, etc.) уходить или уезжать поздно и т. д.,3. III1) leave some place leave Moscow (the village, one's country, etc.) уезжать из Москвы и т.д., покидать Москву и т. д.; leave harbour выходить из гавани; leave the room! выйди из комнаты!; leave one's bed (the table) вставать с постели (из-за стола); leave the road съехать с дороги; leave the rails (the track) сойти с рельсов2) leave smth. leave a book (a parcel, etc.) оставлять книгу и т.д., he has left a note он оставил записку; did he leave a message? он просил передать что-нибудь ?; take it or leave it как хотите, воля ваша3) leave smb. leave one's wife (a wife and three children, all one's friends, etc.) бросать жену и т. д. ; I must leave you я должен вас оставить /покинуть/; leave smth. leave a party выйти из партии; leave one's job бросить работу; leave the service оставить службу; he left all and followed her он бросил все и последовал за ней; the boy left home and went to sea мальчик ушел из дому и стал матросом; can I leave the table? можно мне встать из-за стола?; he left his post он покинул свой пост /ушел со своего поста/; he was a fool to leave school (that job, etc.) он дурак, что бросил школу и т. д., let's leave the subject давай оставим эту тему, давай больше не будем об этом говорить4) leave smb., smth. leave a wife and two sons (a widow with three children, a large family, a large fortune, nothing but debts, etc.) оставлять после себя жену и двух сыновей и т. д.5) leave smth. three from seven (two from five, etc.) leaves four (three, etc.) если вычесть три из семи и т. д. остается /останется/ четыре и т. д., семь минус три и т. д. будет четыре /равняется четырем/ и т. д.4. IVleave тоже place т some manner leave the village hastily (permanently, secretly, for good, etc.) (поспешно и т. д. покидать деревню; leave smb. , smth. at some time she left the conference ( the meeting, the station, etc.) late (early, immediately, at once, etc.) она поздно и т. д. ушла с конференции и т. д.; his eyes never left her его глаза неотступно следили за ней5. Vleave smb. smth.1) leave smb. L 100 (a big fortune, a large estate, all one's money, nothing, etc.) завещать /оставлять/ кому-л. сто фунтов и т. д. [в наследство]; leave him a legacy оставлять ему наследство; leave him bread to eat оставлять ему хлеб; the payment of his debts left him nothing to live upon после уплаты долгов у него ничего не осталось на жизнь2) malaria left him a wreck после малярии он стал развалиной; leave a woman a widow оставлять / делать/ женщину вдовой6. VIleave smth., smb. in some state1)leave a door open (a house empty, etc.) оставлять дверь открытой и т. д.; leave a page blank оставлять чистую страницу; leave the question open оставлять вопрос открытым; his acting leaves me cold его игра меня не трогает /не волнует/; his illness has left him weak после болезни он ослабел; the insult left him speechless от оскорбления он [буквально] онемел /потерял дар речи/; leave this poor creature alive пощадите эту бедняжку; leave the books (a knife, a box, a car, etc.) alone не трогать книги и т. д., не прикасаться к книгам и т. д.; I should leave that question alone if I were you на вашем месте я бы не касался этого вопроса; leave her alone не приставайте к ней; leave us alone, please оставьте нас, пожалуйста, в покое2)7. VII1) leave smth. to do smth. he left the breakfast to answer the telephone он бросил завтракать и пошел к телефону; this leaves much to be desired это оставляет желать много лучшего2) leave smb. to do smth. leave smb. to settle up (to judge, to do it, to attend to the matter, etc.) предоставлять кому-л. расплатиться и т. д.; leave smth. for smb. to do I shall leave the work for him to complete я оставлю /предоставлю/ ему закончить работу8. VIIIleave smb. doing smth. leave smb. waiting (guessing, standing there, etc.) заставлять кого-л. ждать и т. д.9. IXleave smth., smb. т some state leave the letter unfinished (doors and windows firmly fastened, a cheque unpaid, some things unsaid, etc.) оставлять письмо неоконченным и т. д.; leave smb. stranded покинуть кого-л. в беде10. XIbe left how many are left? сколько остается или осталось? be left with smth., smb. be left alone with smth., smb. остаться наедине с чем-л., кем-л., I am left with no alternative but... мне не остается никакого выбора, креме как...; be left to smb., smth. it was left to me to decide этот вопрос пришлось решать мне; it was left to chance все оставили на волю случая; nothing is left to me but to go мне ничего не остается, кроме как идти; be left till some time this parcel is to be left till called for нужно оставить эту бандероль до тех пор, пока за ней не придут; there is smth. left there are three bottles (strawberries, etc.) left остались три бутылки и т. д.; there is no coffee (no food, etc.) left кофе и т. д., не осталось; have smth. left I have very little money (two roubles, an hour, no time, etc.) left у меня осталось очень мало денег и т. д.; how much time have we got left? сколько осталось времени?; be left in some state some things are better left unsaid о некоторых вещах лучше не говорить11. XVI1) leave for some place leave for Moscow (for London, etc.) уезжать /отправляться/ в Москву и т. д.; leave for smth. leave for one's holidays (for one's honeymoon, etc.) уезжать /отправляться/ в отпуск и т. д.; I was just leaving for work я как раз собирался идти на работу; leave for some time leave for three weeks (for a month, etc.) уезжать на три недели и т. д.; leave at some time leave on Monday (at Christmas, at the end of next term, at noon, at three o'clock, etc.) уезжать /отправляться/ в понедельник и т. д.; leave after dinner уехать /уйти, отправиться/ после обеда; the bus (the plane, the train, the flight, the ship, etc.) leaves at twelve o'clock (at eight, on Mondays only, etc.) автобус и т. д. отходит /отправляется/ в двенадцать часов и т. д., leave by smth. leave by the 4 o'clock train (by plane, etc.) уехать четырехчасовым поездом и т. д., leave by the door уйти через дверь; leave in smth. leave in groups (in twoes and threes, etc.) уходить группами и т. д.; leave on smth. leave on business уехать по делам; leave on a trip to Europe отправиться в путешествие по Европе2) leave at some time leave on Monday (at the end of the week, etc.) уходить /бросать работу/ с понедельника и т. д.12. XVIIleave without doing smth. leave without seeing her (without giving one's address, without saying goodbye, etc.) уезжать /уходить/, не повидавшись с ней и т. д.13. XXI11) leave one place for another leave London for Oxford (England for Japan, etc.) переезжать из Лондона в Оксфорд и т. д.; leave тоже place for smth. leave England for a tour of the world (for a trip to America, etc.) уезжать /отправляться/ из Англии в кругосветное путешествие и т. д.; leave the trenches for rest billets mil. оставить окопы и отойти на отдых; leave some place at some time leave the house at eight o'clock (at noon, in the afternoon, etc.) выходить из дома в восемь часов и т. д.; he left the country in 1907 он уехал из страны /покинул страну/ в тысяча девятьсот седьмом году; he leaves work (school, his office, etc.) at five он уходит с работы и т. д. в пять часов; they leave school at 16 они оканчивают школу в шестнадцать лет; leave some place for some time leave home for a year уехать на год из дома2) leave smth. for smb. leave a note for one's husband (a message for one's friend, nothing for me, etc.) оставлять мужу записку и т. д.; leave smth., smb. with smb. leave a card (a book, a parcel, a baby, etc.) with smb. оставлять визитную карточку и т. д. у кого-л.; leave a message with smb. просить кого-л. /поручить кому-л./ передать /сообщить/ (кому-л.) что-л.; leave word with smb. оставлять у кого-л. указания /инструкции/; leave it with me оставьте это у меня; leave smth. in /at/ some place leave one's hat in the hall (a book on the table, one's fountain-pen in the bag, one's bag at the station, one's coat in the cloakroom, etc.) оставлять шляпу в прихожей и т. д.; leave one's things out in the rain оставлять свой вещи под дождем; leave smb., smth. at (on, etc.) smth. leave one's horse at the door (her at the corner, the children on the porch, etc.) оставлять лошадь у входа и т. д., leave a forest (a turning, a place, an object, etc.) on one's right (on one's left) оставлять лес и т. д. справа (слева); leave the church on your left and go up the hill церковь останется справа, а вы поднимитесь по холму, у церкви поверните направо и поднимитесь по холму; let's leave it at that давай на этом остановимся, давай больше не будем это обсуждать; leave smth. till /until/ some time I shall leave this homework till /until/ tomorrow я оставлю это задание на завтра3) leave smth. to /with/ smb., smth. leave all the work (all the responsibility, etc.) to her свалить всю работу и т. д. на нее; leave the choice to him (the decision with them, the matter to time, the solution to chance, the ending to the imagination of the reader, etc.) предоставлять выбор ему и т. д., leave that to me предоставьте это мне; I'll leave it to you я оставляю это на ваше усмотрение; I leave it to you whether I am right or wrong предоставляю вам решить, прав я или нет; leave it to him to discover the truth предоставьте ему самому узнать всю правду; leave smth. out of smth. leave a point (a fact, an event, etc.) out of account /out of consideration/ не учитывать какой-л. момент и т. д.; leave smb. out of smth. leave him out of the match (out of the conversation, out of an agreement, etc.) не включать его в матч и т. д.; leave smth. in smb.'s hands /charge/ leave the matter (the question, the decision, etc.) in his hands /charge/ предоставьте ему решать этот вопрос и т. д., оставьте это дело и т.д. в его ведении; leave smb. in charge of smth., leave smth. in smb.'s charge he left his servant in charge of the house, he left the house in his servant's charge он оставил дом на слугу4) leave smth., smb. at some place leave a book (one's things, an umbrella, a letter, a coat, one's bags, a puppy, a child, etc.) on a bench (in the park, at the station, in the train, etc.) забывать /оставлять/ книгу и т. д. на скамейке и т. д.5) leave smb. for smb. leave one's wife for another woman бросить жену ради другой женщины /и уйти к другой/; leave smth. for smth. leave the army for the law (business for literary work, one occupation for another, etc.) бросить армию /уйти из армии/ и стать юристом и т. д., leave smb. in smth. leave one's friends (one's family, etc.) in trouble (in the lurch, in the dark about the case, etc.) оставлять /бросать, покидать/ своих друзей и т. д. в беде и т. д.; leave smb. to smth. leave smb. to his fate (to himself, to his own fortune, to his own resources, to his own thoughts, to his own devices, etc.) предоставлять кого-л. своей судьбе и т. д.6) leave smth. to smb., smth. leave a house to him (all his money to charity, etc.) оставлять /завещать/ ему дом и т.д., leave no heir to one's property не оставить после себя наследников; leave smth. behind smb. he left a great name behind him он оставил по себе память7) || leave an impression upon smb. произвести на кого-л. впечатление14. XXIV1leave smth. as smth. leave a few guineas (a letter, etc.) as a guarantee (as one's security, as a retainer, etc.) оставлять несколько гиней и т. д. в качестве залога и т. д. -
17 stage
[steɪdʒ] 1. n( in theatre etc) scena f; ( platform) podium nt, estrada f; (point, period) etap m, okres m2. vtplay wystawiać (wystawić perf); demonstration organizować (zorganizować perf); ( perform for effect) inscenizować (zainscenizować perf)* * *I 1. [stei‹] noun(a raised platform especially for performing or acting on, eg in a theatre.) scena2. verb1) (to prepare and produce (a play etc) in a theatre etc: This play was first staged in 1928.) wystawiać na scenie2) (to organize (an event etc): The protesters are planning to stage a demonstration.) organizować•- staging- stage direction
- stage fright
- stagehand
- stage manager
- stagestruck II [stei‹]1) (a period or step in the development of something: The plan is in its early stages; At this stage, we don't know how many survivors there are.) etap2) (part of a journey: The first stage of our journey will be the flight to Singapore.) etap3) (a section of a bus route.) odcinek4) (a section of a rocket.) człon• -
18 stage
I 1. stei‹ noun(a raised platform especially for performing or acting on, eg in a theatre.) scene; podium, plattform2. verb1) (to prepare and produce (a play etc) in a theatre etc: This play was first staged in 1928.) sette opp et skuespill2) (to organize (an event etc): The protesters are planning to stage a demonstration.) iscenesette, arrangere, lage•- staging- stage direction
- stage fright
- stagehand
- stage manager
- stagestruck II stei‹1) (a period or step in the development of something: The plan is in its early stages; At this stage, we don't know how many survivors there are.) stadium, fase, trinn2) (part of a journey: The first stage of our journey will be the flight to Singapore.) etappe3) (a section of a bus route.) sone4) (a section of a rocket.) trinn•fase--------plattform--------sceneIsubst. \/steɪdʒ\/1) ( teater) scene, podium, teater2) åsted, arena, skueplass, val, scene3) stadium, trinn, fase4) ( zoologi) (insekts)stadium5) etasje6) ( geologi) etasje (underavdeling av geologisk formasjon)7) plattform, stillas8) holdeplass, stasjon, stoppested, skysstasjon9) etappe10) (historisk, også stagecoach)diligence, postvogn11) objektbord (i mikroskop)12) landgangsbryggeapron stage se ➢ apronat a formative stage på et formende trinn, i en viktig utviklingsperiodebe on the stage være ved teateret, være skuespillerthe comic stage komedieteaterenter the stage tre inn på scenengo on the stage gå til scenenhiss an actor off stage pipe ut en skuespillerhold the stage dominere (en samtale e.l.) være forsamlingens midtpunkton stage på scenen, på teateretthe political stage den politiske arenaput on the stage sette oppquit the stage forlate teateret slutte som skuespillerstage setting ( om teater e.l.) kulisser, scenebilde, sted, tidstage version sceneversjontake centre stage tiltrekke seg oppmerksomheten, ta hovedrollen (overført)writer for the stage skuespillerforfatter, dramatikerIIverb \/steɪdʒ\/1) sette opp, iscenesette, oppføre2) gjøre seg på scenen3) arrangere, organisere, iscenesettestage a play sette opp et skuespill -
19 stage
I 1. [stei‹] noun(a raised platform especially for performing or acting on, eg in a theatre.) oder2. verb1) (to prepare and produce (a play etc) in a theatre etc: This play was first staged in 1928.) uprizoriti2) (to organize (an event etc): The protesters are planning to stage a demonstration.) pripraviti•- staging- stage direction
- stage fright
- stagehand
- stage manager
- stagestruck II [stei‹]1) (a period or step in the development of something: The plan is in its early stages; At this stage, we don't know how many survivors there are.) stopnja2) (part of a journey: The first stage of our journey will be the flight to Singapore.) etapa3) (a section of a bus route.) del avtobusne proge4) (a section of a rocket.) stopnja•* * *I [stéidž]noungradbeni (stavbni) oder; tribuna, podij; theatre oder, prizorišče, gledališče, figuratively dramska književnost (umetnost), igralski poklic; figuratively mesto dejavnosti (delovanja, bivanja), polje udejstvovanja, torišče; stadij, stopnja, faza, razdobje razvoja; stopnja (večstopne rakete); stojalo, mizica za mikroskop; American višina vodne gladine; history (poštna) etapna postaja, odsek ali del poti med dvema postajama, etapaby easy stages — v etapah, s pogostnimi presledkistages of appeal juridically instančna potstage whisper — igratčev šepet (na odru, da ga sliši občinstvo), figuratively šepet, ki se daleč slišistage loader mechanics platformni nakladalechanging stage — viseč gradbeni oder (npr. za pleskanje)to change horses at every stage history menjati konje na vsaki (poštni) etapni postajito go on the stage — iti h gledališču, postati igralecto put on the stage — postaviti na oder, uprizoritito quit the stage figuratively umakniti se s področja svoje dejavnostiII [stéidž]transitive verbpostaviti (dati) (igro) na gledališki oder, prirediti za oder; uprizoriti, inscenirati; figuratively pripraviti, prirediti za kaj; opremiti z odrom; technical obdati z odri; intransitive verb biti primeren za uprizoritev na gledališkem odru -
20 ♦ due
♦ due (1) /dju:, USA du:/A a.1 (pred.) previsto: Our train is due at 10.30, il nostro treno è previsto (o dovrebbe arrivare) alle 10,30; We were due in at midday but the flight was delayed, il nostro arrivo era previsto per mezzogiorno, ma il volo era in ritardo; When are they due back?, quando è previsto che tornino?; They were due home hours ago, avrebbero dovuto essere a casa ore fa; DIALOGO → - Pregnancy- When is the baby due?, per quando è prevista la nascita?; quando dovrebbe nascere il bambino; When are you due?, per quando è previsto il parto?; quando dovresti partorire?; Her book's due out next month, l'uscita del suo libro è prevista per il mese prossimo; The film is due for release in the autumn, l'uscita del film è prevista per l'autunno; He is due to take up his new post next week, è previsto che cominci il nuovo lavoro la settimana prossima; The plane is due to arrive at 22.00, l'arrivo dell'aereo è previsto per le 22,00; He is due in court next week, il suo processo è previsto per la settimana prossima; I'm due for a bit of good luck, sarebbe ora che io avessi un po' di fortuna2 dovuto: Thanks are due to all our supporters, dei ringraziamenti sono dovuti a tutti i nostri sostenitori; We should give credit where it's due, dovremmo rendere il merito a chi di dovere; We're due a refund, ci spetta un rimborso; She's due a pay rise, dovrebbe ricevere un aumento (di stipendio); I think I'm due an explanation, penso che mi si debba una spiegazione3 – ( to be) due to st., (essere) dovuto a qc., (essere) causato da qc.: They don't believe climate change is due to human activity, non credono che il cambiamento climatico sia dovuto all'attività umana; Early retirement due to stress is increasing, il prepensionamento causato dallo stress è in aumento: The accident was due to the thick fog, l'incidente è stato causato dalla nebbia fitta4 (form.) giusto, debito, dovuto: after due consideration, dopo debita riflessione; with due regard for the feelings of all involved, con il dovuto riguardo per i sentimenti di tutte le persone coinvolte; You've had your due reward, hai avuto la giusta ricompensa; without due care and attention, senza la debita attenzione5 (pred.: comm., leg.) dovuto; esigibile: The first instalment is due today, la prima rata è esigibile oggi; My salary was due yesterday, il mio stipendio doveva essere pagato ieri; When is the bill due?, quando scade la cambiale?B avv.( con i punti cardinali) in direzione; verso: The travellers went due west, i viaggiatori andavano verso occidente; They set a course due north, hanno fatto rotta a nordC prep.– due to, a causa di: They were late due to the heavy traffic, erano in ritardo a causa del traffico intenso; The business failed partly due to the cost of borrowing, l'affare non è andato in porto, in parte a causa del costo del prestito● ( USA) due bill, riconoscimento scritto di un debito (cfr. ingl. IOU) □ due date, data prevista (spec. per il parto) □ (fin., org. az.) due diligence, «due diligence» ( valutazione di un'azienda ai fini di una sua eventuale acquisizione) □ (leg.) due notice, avviso dato nei termini di legge □ (leg.) due performance, corretto adempimento □ (leg., spec. USA) due process, giusto processo □ (comm.) due register, scadenzario □ (comm.) to fall due, scadere; essere esigibile □ in due course, a tempo debito; regolarmente □ with ( all) due respect, con (tutto) il dovuto rispetto.NOTA D'USO: - due to o owing to?- due (2) /dju:, USA du:/n.1 (soltanto sing.) ciò che è dovuto, che spetta (a q.): to give sb. his due, dare a q. quel che gli spetta; riconoscere i meriti di q.; She has finally received the recognition that is her due, ha finalmente ottenuto il riconoscimento che le era dovuto● (org. az.) dues book, libro degli ordini in sospeso □ dues cards, schede delle quote sociali □ club (o membership) dues, tasse d'iscrizione a un circolo; quote sociali □ to give the devil his due, dare atto a q. ( per malvagio che sia) di qc. di buono.
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